History of the Countries In the World: 2015

Minggu, 13 Desember 2015

National Historic Cambodia

The Kingdom of Cambodia is a country in Southeast Asia in the form of a constitutional monarchy. This state is the predecessor of the Khmer empire ruled the official name of the country in the 11th century and 14 in Indonesia, the entire Indochina between the Kingdom of Cambodia (English: Kingdom of Cambodia), translated from Khmer Kampuchea Krom Preah Réachéanachâk. Often abbreviated as Cambodia (Khmer: កម្ពុជា). Cambodia is derived from the Sanskrit word which Kambuja.

Cambodia (Khmer: ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រ កម្ពុជា reading: Cambodia). Officially named the Kingdom of Cambodia, the Southeast Asian countries. A total area of 181,035 square kilometers. Thailand's western border, in northern Laos, Vietnam eastern and southern Gulf of Thailand. Mekong and Tonle Sap throughout the country. This state is the predecessor of the Khmer empire once ruled the entire Indochina between the 11th century and 14.

Cambodia Country (Khmer: រដ្ឋ កម្ពុជា) .Nama of Cambodia from 1989 to 1993 was not internationally recognized official name. That is in the Cambodian capital Phnom Penh, Cambodia, namely the national language Khmer, the Cambodian National from People's Republic of Kampuchea, was established in 1979 after the country by the Pol Pot and his Khmer Rouge established called the Democratic Republic of Cambodia was defeated originating. People's Republic of Kampuchea, but still stood only a few countries recognize, such as Vietnam and the Soviet Union. The United Nations remains the representative of a democratic regime in Cambodia (or Cambodia) Cambodia. Relying on the international community to be more sympathetic to the Cambodian People's Republic in 1989 and the country was renamed the Head of State of Cambodia and 1991) of the Communist government abolished the state structure. March 15, 1992, at the end of the country, the Government of Cambodia to take over the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia.

In the 1993 Constitution of the Kingdom of Cambodia is a country adopts liberal democracy, pluralism and market economy. Cambodian King as Head of State Head of State, but does not govern. Minister Assisting the Prime Minister who is a member of the government led by the Council of Ministers (Council of Ministers) is. Heads of national Sihamoni ascended the throne 29 of October 2004.

More than 14.8 million people in Cambodia's total population. The official religion is Buddhism Cambodia Cambodia's total population prevalence of about 95%. The capital and largest city of Cambodia, Phnom Penh. Cambodia is a country in the form of a democratic constitutional monarchy.

Cambodia and Thailand border in western, northern Laos, Vietnam eastern and southern Gulf of Thailand. Mekong and Tonle Sap throughout the country.

Form of government of the Kingdom of Cambodia. King led the nation, and the head of government is the prime minister. There are five local governments of Cambodia in Phnom Penh. Cambodia was a French protectorate since 1863, and in 1951 the French government presented Sihanouk as king, which makes the formal name of the country's constitutional monarchy and the Kingdom of Cambodia.

November 9, 1953, France gained independence in Cambodia and neutral countries was Sihanouk declared Cambodia is not involved in the Vietnam War. In the 1970 - 1993 period, Cambodia into infrastructure and human resource capacity to destroy the civil war, while Prince Sihanouk abroad, his nephew Cecil Vama Tucker's Island along the Lon Nol coup envy. Since

Greater confusion Cambodia country during this period also marked the Khmer Rouge regime.

Cambodia's protected areas by the French from 1863 until 1953, as a colony of Indochina area. After the Japanese occupation of the 1940s, Cambodia and finally in November 9 independence from France in 1953, Cambodia became a constitutional monarchy under King Norodom Sihanouk • Leadership.

In the Vietnam War in the 1960s, when the Kingdom of Cambodia chose neutral. It is not by the military authorities, namely General Lon Nol and Prince envy Matak is a pro-US alliance, in order to obtain the power to get rid of Sihanouk allowed. From Beijing, Sihanouk, the Khmer Rouge decided to form an alliance, which aims to recapture Nol seized the throne in groups. It is produced in the trigger civil war Cambodia.

Khmer Rouge in 1975 and finally mastered this field, and change the form of the kingdom into the Democratic Republic headed by Pol Pot in Cambodia. They take the urban communities of rural collective farms action immediately. The new government wants to similar agricultural products, saw in the 11th century, they refused to lead the Cambodian people starving, no drugs are in western Cambodia.

In November 1978, Vietnam invaded Cambodia to stop the occurrence of large-scale genocide in Cambodia RD. Finally, in 1989, she began to intensify in the Paris peace between the warring parties. • UN-mandated ceasefire parties Norodom Sihanouk and Lon Nol between.

The official language of Cambodia's population is Khmer. Other language is French, most of the population is Buddhist. The total population of 11,168,000 inhabitants of this country. Most of the population in subsistence agriculture sector. Agricultural products in Cambodia is rice, corn, pepper, tobacco, cotton, palm sugar, and so on. While mine output of iron, copper, manganese, gold and so on. Cambodia is the result of industrial textiles, paper, plywood, and oil.

The Kingdom of Cambodia is divided into 20 provinces (khett) and four municipalities (krong). Cambodia region is divided into zones (srok), komunion (Rabigh), a large area (khett) and Island (KOH). Cambodia has 181,035 square kilometers of area. While in Southeast Asia, a registered geographical land bordering Cambodia and Thailand Football Association countries, so often dispute over the boundary between the two countries, the two countries involved in the conflict.

The relationship between the two countries, Indonesia and Cambodia, Indonesia, a very important role in solving the problem of peace in the civil war in Cambodia. July 27, 1987, Ho Chi Minh City has reached understanding, the Jakarta Informal Meeting (JIM) I in 1988, Jim II in 1989, at the Paris Conference on Cambodia in 1989, showing Indonesia in efforts to help resolve the positive The role and involvement occurred in Cambodia. In the 1993 Constitution of the Kingdom of Cambodia is a country adopts liberal democracy, pluralism and market economy. Cambodian King as head of state, but did not give the order. Government led by Prime Minister and who was a member of the Council of Ministers to assist ministers. There are beautiful temples of Angkor Wat countries joined ASEAN later than December 16, 1998, in the country's political situation more controlled.

Cambodia is a country of important commodities such as garments, timber, rubber, rice, fish, tobacco and footwear. Beyond its independence, the Republic of Indonesia to help the country Cambodia. Books - write books Indonesian military operational strategy commonly used in Cambodia army. Therefore, prospective officers in Cambodia, mandatory, can speak Indonesian.

history

Development of Cambodia civilization, occurred in the 1st century AD. In century CE 3.4 and 5, Funan and Chenla to unite the country, the region of the Cambodian construction. These countries close ties with China and India. When the Khmer Empire from the 9th century to build and authority to the 13th century collapse of the regimes in both countries.

Khmer Empire survived until the 15th century. Located in the capital of the Khmer kingdom of Angkor, it is an area built in the heyday of the Khmer. Angkor Wat, also built at that time, became a symbol of the Khmer forces.

In 1432, the Royal Thai Rouge rule. Angkor Wat is the Khmer kingdom, proposed capital Lovek, the country has been a great advantage because Lovek is a port city. Khmer defense Lovek eventually control Thailand and Vietnam, but also led to many losses in red. These events occurred in the year 1594 in the next three centuries, kings ruled Cambodia and Thailand and rotation Vietnam.

In 1863, King Norodom, who inaugurated by Thailand to seek protection in France. In 1867, King Norodom • signed with France, it authorized the Battambang and Siem Reap is Thailand's part of the control agreement. Finally, these two regions is given Cambodia border treaty in 1906 by France and Thailand.

Now, thanks to help post-war Cambodia began to develop under many foreign political parties, although the coup occurred in 1997 after the country's return to a stable oscillation failure.

Troops in Cambodia

Cambodian Royal Army, Navy Kingdom of Cambodia, the Royal Cambodian Air Force and the Royal Military Police Cambodia is part of the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces, under the Department of the Ministry of Defence of the Kingdom of Cambodia, Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Cambodia led by conductor.

Komandi revised structure began in early 2000, with key military facilities in Cambodia. In 2010, the Kingdom of Cambodia, resorting to force has about 21 troops. Cambodia's military spending 3% of the national budget.

Royal Gendarmerie, Cambodia has more than 7,000 troops. Their task is to maintain security, investigation and combating crime and terrorism, safeguard protected areas and buildings, and to help evacuate the population, and disaster and conflict.

tourism

Tourism is the second largest income in Cambodia after the textile industry. January 2007-December period, a total of nearly 2 million foreign tourists, most tourists than in 2006 (51%) visited Siem Reap, the rest (49%), in Phnom Penh and other destinations grew 18.5%. Most of the tourists come from Japan, China, the Philippines, the United States, South Korea and France. Among other contained in Cambodia ceramics, soaps, spices, wood carvings, silver souvenirs, handicrafts and there are bottles of rice wine.

Culture

Cambodian culture is affecting Theravada Buddhism. Angkor Wat buildings. Cambodia has other cultural attractions, such as the Festival Bonn OmTeuk, held each November, the National Dragon Boat Festival. Cambodian people also love football.

In Cambodia, there are few places with free internet citizen, such as cafes, bars, restaurants and gas stations. Most Cambodian people surf the Internet using a USB modem and mobile phone costs about $ 12 yuan per month.

Traditional performing arts, usually used as a part of the Khmer people living in the past century, depicted in bas-relief of Angkor Wat. However, when the Khmer Rouge ruled Cambodia from 1975 to 1979, many Khmer art was prohibited and destroyed, including the temple. Many people also dancers, singers and artists were killed.

Now, to help Cambodia and abroad, the attempt to revive traditional arts and culture. Currently, traditional art performances, such as fairy dance, the most widely held by the private sector, such as hotels and restaurants.

INDONESIAN NATIONAL HISTORY

Declaration of independence, which is our August 17, the annual commemoration of a historic event, the Indonesian people. Announcement, changed the course of history, evoke the spirit of freedom.

From all forms of colonialism.

Incident a few years ago. Let's re-independence August 17, 1945 Declaration of the historical record.

debate

Announcement is preceded by a debate in the youth group, the elderly rampant. Whether it is the elderly and young people, in fact, we want to declare independence from the Japanese government invalid authority as soon as possible in the hands of atmosphere. But, on how to implement the declaration, there are differences of opinion. The elderly, according to the political calculations that Indonesia can be independent without bloodshed, if it is to maintain cooperation with Japan.

Therefore, the declaration of independence, needed an organized revolution. Sukarno and Hatta, two old group leader, intends to discuss the implementation of the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian independence independent (PPKI) conference declaration. As a result, the implementation of the Declaration of Independence from the Japanese government regulations do not deviate from. It is this attitude is not recognized youth groups. They believe that the agency PPKI is made in Japan. Instead, the youth group of the need to implement the Declaration of independence, relying on its own strength. Japan completely free from government interference. This difference of opinion led to the elderly who focus groups of young people to encourage them to "kidnapping" of self Soekarno - Hatta (see Marwati Djoened Poesponegoro Code 1984: 77-81)

August 15, 1945, at about 22:00 in the residence Vostok Pegangsaan 56 Bung Karno Jakarta, serious debate with a group of young people between the Bung Karno happened Lasmidjah Hardi described the Declaration of Independence (1984: 58); Ahmad Soebardjo (1978: 85-87), as follows:

"Now buddy, now! Tonight, we also launched a revolution!" Said Chairul Saleh convince Bung Karno, thousands of armed soldiers surrounded the preparation of the city, intends to expel the Japanese. "We want to seize power!" Said Sukarni hot. "We are ready to sacrifice our lives!" They shouted. Wikana threat even dare speak Sukarno; "if Bung Karno not issued a notice on this night, it will lead to bloodshed and slaughter of tomorrow."

Hear that threat, Sukarno temper, stood to Wikana said: "This comes from my neck, and I put it onto the corner, cut my throat tonight, you do not have to wait until tomorrow!!." Hada warning Wikana; "Japan is the past, we must now face the Netherlands will be held in our quest to restore if you do not like what I say, and think that you are willing and able to declare independence agree, why do not you declare itself independent of it.? Why ask Sukarno to do this? "

However, youth continue to urge; "Do we have to wait until independence was a gift to us, even though Japan had surrendered themselves and" His jihad "was defeated!." "Why did not people themselves who memprokla masikan independence? Why did not we become our own independence as a nation?." Quietly, after the anger subsided, Sukarno said;! "...... That a handful of these are not sufficient to fight the Japanese army and always ready to tell me the power, you can tell me where the force of the evidence, it? enumerated it? What part of your security measures to rescue women and children? How to maintain after the declaration of independence? We do not assistance from Japan or the Allies. Imagine how we would stand on its own strength. " Therefore, Bung Karno replied calmly.

These young people, or a request for Soekarno - Hatta declared independence immediately. However, these two figures, still in its original posture. After repeatedly urged the youth, Bung Karno replied that he can not decide alone, he must negotiate with other leaders. Bung Karno Youth Envoy invited to negotiate. When these figures exist, inter alia, Muhammad • Hada, Soebardjo, IWA Kusumasomantri, Djojopranoto and Sudiro. Before long, Hadad made a decision, and that the origin of youth is unacceptable reasons, the small amount of computation that may occur many lives and property. Hada hear explanations, youth seem to be satisfied. They believe that deviate; kidnapping Bung Karno and Bung Hatta to get rid of the impact of Japan's two numbers intentions.

4:00, 16 August 1945, Sukarno and Hatta brought by a group of young people Rengasdengklok. Action "kidnapping" is very disappointing Bung Karno, as Lasmidjah Hardi (1984: 60). Bung Karno anger and disappointment, especially because young people do not want to listen to the sound judgment. They think his behavior is a patriotic act. However, look at the situation and the situation hot, Bung Karno had no choice but to follow the wishes of the youth was brought to their designated places. Fatmawati his wife, and the Thunder this yet one year old at the time, she admitted.

Young Rengasdengklok town near Falkirk, to ensure Soekarno - Hatta military computing choice; the Ethical Treatment of Animals (Homeland Guard) members Daidan Purwakarta and Daidan Jakarta to establish a close relationship, because they held up exercise . In addition, remote Rengasdengklok located about 15 km. The Kedunggede Falkirk. Therefore, the detection easily in the Japanese approach Rengasdengklok complete each movement, coming either from the direction of Jakarta and Bandung and Central Java.

Day, Sukarno and Hatta in Rengasdengklok. Youth intent to suppress them, in order to immediately implement desperate with Japan, apparently to no avail of the Declaration of Independence. We must have sufficient authority. The young man who took him to Rengasdengklok, unwilling to put pressure on both. Sukarni and friends, can only urge the Soekarno - Hatta as soon as it has been planned by the youth in the Jakarta declaration announced. However, Soekarno - Hatta did not want to urge approval. The two sides uphold the calculation and their own plans. Bamboo hut in the middle of rice fields shaped stage Rengasdengklok, heat in the course of the debate; the "revolution is in our hands, and we ordered the man, that guy does not start the revolution tonight, so ...." "And then?" Shouted Bung Karno, he rose from his chair, with fiery anger. All shocked, no one moved or spoke.

Time to calm down the atmosphere. After Bung Karno table. In a low voice, he began to speak; "in war and revolution, the most important thing is the right time in Saigon, I planned the whole job is to run on 17.." "Why it was taken in 17, why not now, or 16?" Asked Sukarni. "I'm a believer in mystical." I can not explain the reasons why the 17 more promising to me. But I feel in my heart, this is a good time. No. 17 is a sacred number. First, we are in the month of Ramadan, when we are fasting, which means our most sacred moment. On the 17th, tomorrow Friday, Friday, Friday, Friday Legi is happy, holy Friday. Koran revealed that in 17, Muslim prayer 17 cycles, the 17th of the sacred is not man-made "and therefore, inter alia, Rengasdengklok written Lasmidjah Hardi: dialogue with young people (1984 61) between Bung Karno.

Meanwhile, in Jakarta, with the elderly and young people to talk about Mr., we should carry out independent Wikana in Jakarta Ahmad Soebardjo. Admiral Maeda loyal, willing to guarantee, but at his home for their safety. Under the agreement, young Yusuf Kunto, the day Ahmed Soebardjo drove alongside his private secretary, Sudiro, Sukarno and Hatta to Rengasdengklok pick. Rengasdengklok pickup line arrive around 17:00. Ahmed Soebardjo Declaration of Independence will provide assurance August 17, 1945, at the latest 12:00 announcement. With such a guarantee, the company commander of the local PETA, Cudanco Soebeno, unwilling to let go of Sukarno and Hatta returned to Jakarta (Marwati Djoened Poesponegoro Code 1984: 82-83).

Text formulate announcement

Soekarno - Hatta in Jakarta and his party arrived around 23:00. Admiral Tian-zhong provoke straight before Imam Bonjol 1, after first reducing Fatmawati Sukarno and his son's house in his hometown. Preparations Home Laksamada Maeda, was chosen to announce their attitude because Maeda, providing security assurances Bung Karno and other digital text. DeGraaf quoted Soebardjo: Attitude (1978 60-61) described, Maeda is this. Maeda attitude certainly gives an indescribable feeling of the people of Indonesia, as a naval officer always contact with the Indonesian people.

As a naval officer who saw more of the world than the average officer, he has quite a narrow military state of mind more accurate view. He speaks several languages. He is responsible for Bukanfu personnel in Batavia; naval procurement office in Indonesia. In particular, he does not limit its military mission, but so that he can get used to the atmosphere in Java, he formed, in which the Chairman of the commission Soebardjo same place for his information office. Through this office, which requires no small cost to him, he won the understanding of the issues in Java better than his official communique from the army. All the more, he boldly build dormitories young Indonesian nationalism nationalism. Prominent leader, seconded teachers teach hostel. Doctrine, and radical propaganda. More agile than the military, he won many nationalists who know to ensure that complaints and objections, they can always be expressed as Maeda's heart. Maeda's attitude is the case, make a freedom of nationalists, it is the future of the nation's most important.

That night, the house from Admiral Maeda, Sukarno and Hatta was accompanied by former 田海军 will meet Somobuco (head of the General Administration), Major General Nishimura, concerning the implementation of the Declaration of Independence, to explore attitudes. Nishimura said, because Japan had surrendered to the Allies, the Japanese military is not allowed to change the status quo. He asked the Japanese soldiers to the coalition forces command. According to line Achan KEBI Sukarno - Hatta Village prohibit PPKI hold this announcement Kemerde Kahn implementation framework meeting. Given this reality, Soekarno - Hatta concluded that no separate issue with membicara Indonesia and Japan. They just hope the Japanese side will not people in Indonesia itself (Hada, 1970: 54-55) lurking hectares langi implementation of the declaration of independence.

After the meeting, Sukarno and Hatta Back Admiral Maeda's house. In the restaurant Admiral Maeda's house is to develop the text of the Declaration of Independence. Maeda, as the host, resigned to his bedroom on the second floor, when the history of the event took place. Miyoshi, people trust Nishimura, along Sukarni, Sudiro, and BM Diah witnessed Sukarno, Hatta and Ahmad Soebardjo discuss the formulation of the Declaration text. The other characters, both from the elderly and youth groups, waiting on the front porch.

According Soebardjo (1978: 109) in front of Admiral Tian restaurant before midnight, to develop the text of the Declaration will be arranged to read the next day. Written on a piece of paper the concept Sukarno declared. Hatta and Ahmad Soebardjo donate his ideas verbally. The text of the Declaration is the first sentence proposal Achmed Soebardjo Dokuritsu Junbi Cosakai shot from the formula, and the last sentence is their contribution • Muhammad Hatta. Hada assume the first sentence is simply willing Indonesian people to decide their own destiny, he thought about the statement should be added the transfer of authority (sovereignty) of the declaration. Then dihasilkanlah announced the final formulation of the text.

After alone in the restaurant, the group completed the formulation of the text of the Declaration, they stoop to meet the audience gathered in the room. At that time, in the morning before dawn. Clock display, 04.00, Sukarno began by reading bulletin formula, it is still a concept of text, open the meeting. Soebardjo (1978: 109-110) describe the atmosphere: "Although the announcement typed text, we used to take food and drinks from the kitchen, pre-hosts who are ready to go to his bedroom in the upper left Rengasdengklok when we did not eat any. thing. Ramadan is a sacred month's time is running out meal, once we receive back typed text we are headed in the morning prayer in front of the large room before the last meal., house for Everyone stood up, no chairs in the room. I also mixed with some members of the Committee in the middle of the room. Sukarni standing next to me. Soekarno Hatta accompanying stand facing the audience. The time is August 17, 1945 in the morning 04 : 00, earlier in the day in a few Sukarno declared the meeting open.

"The state of emergency, forcing us to accelerate the implementation of the Declaration of Independence. The draft text has been intended to be read in the presence of relatives, I hope this is true, we can approve it, so that we can continue and complete our work before dawn. "For participants, Sukarno proposed jointly announced the signing of a representative of the Indonesian nation. The proposal is enhanced by the Muhammad • Hada, take the example of the United States' Declaration of Independence. " The proposal is opposed to who does not agree, the old number is called the "slave Japan," announced the joint signing of a youth. Sukarni recommend signatories text of the Declaration of just two people, that Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta on behalf of Indonesia • nation. Sukarni proposal was recognized by the audience.

Melik has Sajuti by typing the manuscript, Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta • sign immediately. Announcement question arises how it should announce to the people of Indonesia, but also to all corners of the world. Where, in what way this should be organized? According Soebardjo (1978: 113), Sukarni so informed, Jakarta and its surrounding people are called to hordes Ikada Stadium on August 17 to hear the Declaration of Independence. However, Sukarno rejected suggestions Sukarni. "No," Sukarno "is better in my East Pegangsaan their premises. Front yard of the house is spacious enough for hundreds of people. For what we have to stir up trouble? Ikada stadium is a public square. General Meeting no pre-arranged military authorities, likely to cause misunderstanding. violence between the people and the military authorities would disperse the rally is likely to occur. Therefore, I invite you to be present in about 56 East Pegangsaan 10:00 in the morning. "The meeting therefore final decision.

Moment bulletin

Last Friday of Ramadan, the month in 05.00 pm, August 17, 1945 in the eastern horizon gushing dawn. Early morning dew still hanging on the edge of the leaves. Admiral Maeda's house the country's leaders and youth leaders, and to develop the text of the Declaration until after dawn, to overcome pride. Among them, it has agreed to this day at home Lisujianuo, Pegangsaan Timur Indonesia declared independence 56 Jakarta, 10:00. Punta Hada had counseled who worked in the media and news agencies, to reproduce the text of the Declaration, and spread it around the world (Hada, 1970: 53) young man.

To independence, the implementation of the air 56 East Pegangsaan quite busy declaration. Deputy Mayor, Soewirjo, Mr. orderly Wilopo prepare the necessary equipment, such as microphones and speakers number. Although Sudiro ordered S. Suhud ready flagpole. Because of the tension, Suhud not remember Sukarno in front of the house, there are two flagpoles unused metal. Instead, he found a piece of bamboo is behind the house. Bamboo cleaning, and give the rope. Then a few steps from the front porch planting. Flag sewn by hand Mrs Fatmawati Sukarno ready. The shape and size of the sign is not a standard, because the fabric is not perfect size. In fact, the fabric was not originally prepared for the flag.

While independent, who already know who will be gathered to implement the declaration. Sukarno's house has been overrun by a group of young people and people who queued law. Some people nervous, fearing a possible invasion of Japan. The sun getting higher and higher, announcement has not yet started. At that time, Sukarno continuous suffering pain, the development of new text after the announcement cold nights and sleep complete. The invitation has been greatly come in, people who have been waiting since the morning, but was getting impatient. They are full of tension desire is difficult to immediately notice. Who can not wait, start Bung Karno youth urged to immediately read the text of the Declaration. However, I do not want to read the full announcement Bung Karno no Muhammad • Hatta existence. Starting five minutes at the event, Muhammad • Hatta came dressed in a white room straight Sukarno. • welcomed Muhammad Hatta arrival, Bung Karno bed dressed. He also wore a white suit and white. Ceremony where the two of them.

Marwati Djoened Poesponegoro (1984: 92-94) Read the full announcement ceremony described. Ceremony is simple. If there is no agreement. Hendraningrat Latif, PETA in an immediate notification to the young man who had been waiting since early morning to stand the whole line. Meanwhile all with perfect posture upright standing. Latif then invited Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta took a few steps closer • microphone. With the steady, clear voice, before reciting Sukarno announced a brief introductory text speech.

"Ladies and gentlemen! I have asked the brothers present here to witness an event is the most important in our history. For decades our country has been fighting Indonesian independence of our country. There are even centuries of wave action We want to achieve our independence, there is no rise and fall, but our souls are still ideal. Moreover, in the era of Japan, our efforts to achieve national independence and did not stop. In the era of Japan is obviously only if we rely on them But in fact, we still constitute our own strength. We still believe in our own strength. It is time we actually took the fate of the country and our homeland destiny in our own hands. Only who dare to fate people in their own hands, we can stand strong. Therefore, we, last night had consultations with leaders from across the country people of Indonesia and Indonesia discussed is formed, the coalition believes that now's the time to declare our independence.

Ladies and gentlemen! Our determination in this statement. Listen to our manifesto: announcement; we are here to declare the country of Indonesia and the Indonesian independence. Something about the transfer of power and that of others, carefully organized manner in the shortest possible time. Jakarta, August 17, 1945 on behalf of Indonesia Sukarno / Hatta.

So, brothers and sisters! We now have freedom. No one can combine our homes, our nation relationship! From that moment on, we are preparing our country! Independent state. Independent Republic of Indonesia, the eternal, unchanging. Inshallah, God bless our independence it ". (Koesnodiprojo, 1951).

The event, followed by the raising of the flag. Sukarno and Hatta took a few steps down to the last step of the front porch, in the very front of about two meters. When asked to hoist the flag of SK Trimurti, he refused: "good soldier," he said. If you have not been told, Latif Hendraningrat unified dirty green PETA advance to near the flagpole. S. Suhud took the flag has been provided, and tied a rope from the top of the tray Latif Hendraningrat assistance.

Flag slowly rising. If you do not lead, the audience spontaneously sang Indonesia Eid. Flag hanging in a snail's pace, adjusting to the song Indonesia Chicago long enough rhythm. After the flag-raising, followed by a speech from the mayor and Dr. Soewirjo. Muwardi.

Declaration of Independence, Lasmidjah Hardi: After (1984 77) that the ritual reading, there is a pioneer army which numbered about 100 people, led by S. Brata, into Sukarno's home page. They came too late. With a loud voice full of disappointment S. Brata requirements Bung Karno announcement read again. Bung Karno heard the cry of the heart is not enough, he came to his room. In front of the microphone mouthpiece, he explained that announcement speak only once, it is valid forever. Brata heard statement is not satisfied, he asked the Bung Karno make a simple task. This time the request was filled. People on the move or do not want to complete the ceremony, some members of Barisan Pioneer's still sitting huddled in front of Bung Karno chamber.

Shortly after Punta Hada family, according to Lasmidjah Hardi (1984: 79) to the 3 magnifying glass Japan. They were told to wait for the back room, no seats. Sudiro may have guessed, because what they came. BN pioneer members began the siege of it. Bung Karno Sudiro college entrance wearing pajamas, so had to wearing clothes. Then the dialogue between Japanese Envoy Bung Karno: "We were Gunseikan Kakka sent to prohibit Sukarno said Declaration," "Declaration have I said," Bung Karno said quietly. "There is it?" Asked the Japanese minister also baffled. "Yes, already!" Said Bung Karno. Japan's special envoy in the hands of young people and their bulging around the eyes were already placed in the cutter. See In this case, the Japanese people immediately forgive myself. At the same time, Latif Hendraningrat contemplative thinking negligence. Due to the tense atmosphere enveloped, he forgot to call Soetarto from PFN to record the event. Fortunately plate IPPHOS movie Frans Mendur only three (there was no rolls of film). Thus, the historical events from all over the country, there are only three files; that is, when reading text Bung Karno notice when a flag-raising, some photos of the event participants witnessed.

Philippine history

"Mabuhay." Maybe when they hear the word, you will be reminded of the words of the typical characteristics of Nan often speak against him or Nan Filipino foreign tourists to the Philippines. If you often go there, you must be familiar with the word.

The word is already connected south slogans. The word means a greeting "Welcome." But unique, Mabuhay word itself does not mean welcome. Nan really means "long live" or "May you live longer." If Indonesia meaningful salute that "Indonesia Mabuhay!" Or "Life Indonesia!"

Population Philippines

The Philippines is a country in northern Nan Indonesia. Like our country, an island south of the Philippines itself includes many large and small islands, of which about 7,000 islands. The Philippines has about 110 million people live in complete country Nan Nan, while you are in a foreign country, up to about 11 million people. They are distributed throughout the world. Male as foreign workers.

In addition, the Philippines also has a racial or ethnic Nan compound and has 180 indigenous languages (native). The Philippines also called on Filipinos. They are known as the Philippines, because most of the residents have almost from Nan similar to other Asian countries. The first population of the Philippines is similar to the face of Minahasa, Manado, Java, and so on.

Philippine nation is a male-majority country is Christians. It is certainly present in the Spanish colonization of the southern kingdom era carried out. So strong Catholic influence. The Philippines is the most distant countries Catholics in Asia, followed by the East Timor based.

The Philippines also has its own uniqueness Nan is very different in its neighboring countries in Southeast Asia, namely, he has westernized lifestyle in the Philippines. This can range from name-nan had smelled Spain and everyday life can be seen in the wedding ceremony has always smelled like westernized wedding Nan nuanced United States or Latin America.

A Brief History of the Philippines

In history, no Filipino Nan said that the country has been Srivijaya kingdom. It is based on the discovery near the southern copper findings Manila City. However, some experts on the history of the Philippines, said the Philippine National began in the era of colonialism affected life. This can be seen already standing in the small kingdom in the 16th century. Kingdom by the Indian culture and Islamic influence in the south of the island.

Before the Philippine independence, the population of the Philippines in the year 1565-1821 colonial rule of Spain. Spanish colonization is the longest occupation in which 265 years old. After this, in the next 77 years, that is from 1821 to 1898, is defined as a part of the Philippine province of Spain, the Kingdom of Spain. When the ruler King Philip II in power, giving the name "Philippines" to the Philippine National.

Berlajut colonialism. Spanish-American War in 1898 to learn later, colonialism in American society hands until 1935. From that moment, the Philippines became a federal state in the United States. July 4, 1946, the Filipino people legitimately won their independence (de facto).

Philippines various English

Nan, the most widely used language Filipino is Tagalog. However, language is not an official language of Tagalog Philippines. Why demikan? This is because the Filipino people sporadic use of Tagalog. Philippine official language is Filipino. Tagalog is produced from a variety of languages Nan in the Philippines, including Tagalog itself. Because it is under Indonesian, Filipino vocabulary absorb all kinds of situations Malay, Spanish and English.

At the same time, South language often used in the Philippines in addition to Tagalog and Tagalog to English. Filipino English is often used in everyday life. For example, in government and other institutions in the UK pretty much.

In addition, schools and universities use English as the introduction of the language. Therefore, it is not surprising that most Filipinos can speak English. Tagalog and Filipino as a language used only in the family environment and communicate separate languages.

Philippine government system

Government insists on democracy in the Philippines system. This democratic freedom is endless Philippines. This freedom can be seen from assigned a personal opinion. In the Philippines, Filipinos can give their opinions openly, without any problems Nan expectations. For example, in the global media, reporters and citizens are free to criticize and even ridicule of leadership when the leadership made a mistake.

Communities to take the Philippines is very proud of the democracy they Nan. Given that democracy and economic development in line with the gradual recovery and the democratic process. This is a case Nannan have democracy in the Philippines and Asian countries.

Historical Brunei Darussalam

Brunei About this sound listen (help • info) / bruːnaɪ /, official name: Brunei Darussalam, Jawi: Brunei Darussalam (Malay state: نڬارا بروني دارالسلام), is a sovereign country in Southeast Asia located in the northern coast of the island of Borneo. The country has an area of 5765 square kilometers of the coast of Borneo island touched the entire South China Sea region. Its area is divided into two nations in Malaysia, namely Sarawak.

Currently, Brunei, Singapore's second highest after human development index in Southeast Asia, so it is classified as a developed country. [10] The International Monetary Fund (IMF), Brunei's per capita GDP in the world's fifth largest purchasing power parity. Meanwhile, Forbes put Brunei as the country's fifth richest 182 countries, because it has oil and gas are widespread. [11] In addition, Brunei also its prosperity in the implementation of Islamic law and firmness, both in government and public life.

Origin of Brunei

Brunei royal family genealogy stone Tarsilah discover who wrote the text, from Awang Alak Betatar, an early convert to Islam (1368), until Sultan Mohammed Tajuddin (text on the 19th Sultan, the king's family tree from 1795 to 1804 of Inter ruled 1804-1807).

Brunei Malay is the country's oldest kingdom among. Based Arabia, China and the oral tradition of the old paper records acquired exists. In the Chinese history known as Bao Li, Bao Luo, bangs or Pune and Bunlai records. In determining Dzabaj or Randj Arab records.

Record oral tradition from Brunei Awang Semaun mentioned new words well, after the group, led by Pate berbai Sakai clan to seek the establishment of the Brunei River, where a new national poetry has been obtained. After obtaining the region, there is a very strategic by the mountains, water, readily identifiable and transport, and rich in edible fish on both sides of the source on the river, so Arai their pronunciation, which means that this place is very good, pleasing and appropriate, the establishment of national accordance with their wishes in their hearts. Then, the new word gradually became Brunei.

A copy of the pagoda, you can find explained that India had accepted Buddhism at the same time by the residents of Brunei Brunei History Center. Because it has become a pilgrimage of religious practices, when they reach a certain place, they will erect a stupa as a symbol, on their arrival, the development of such confidence in that place notice. A copy of the tombstone P'u Chih Mu cry ah, tombstone Rokayah Bint Sultan Abdul Majid • • 哈桑伊卜尼 • Ibni Al Sultan Mohammed Shah and Syed Alwi tombstone bar -Faqih of (Mufaqih) also describe the advent of Islam brought by travelers, traders and missionaries in Brunei, mubaliqh Islam, so Islam is influential and have a place for locals and Brunei royal family.

• Ali Sharif since the beginning of Islam was appointed as the Sultan of Brunei to -3 in the year 1425 with former Sudanese mengahwini daughter Ali Sharif • growth in the Sultanate of Brunei very quickly lost interest. Descendants of Sultan Syarif Ali was the Prophet's grandson Shalallahualaihi wassallam of Ahlul Bait / Pancir, that mu'minin Hassan / Syaidina Hassan in Batu Tarsilah / from Bandar Sri Lanka included in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei 18th century inscription Say. Ali's descendants was also in the development of the territory of the Sultanate of Brunei lower around Sudan, namely reducing the three rounds of the Sudan and the Sultan of Sulu.

Says Darussalam, Arabic, means "quiet place" or "family security", pinned in the 15th century by the Sultan on the 3rd, Sharif • Ali, assert Islam as the state religion, and increase its spread. [

Brunei History

Researchers have to believe this is the establishment of the Sultanate of Brunei today prior to the history of other kingdoms, called China as Bonnie. Please note that the Chinese and Arabs show that in the 7th or 8th century, the Brunei River estuary began this ancient trading empire. Kingdom covering a large area of Sabah, Brunei and Sarawak, with headquarters in Brunei. The Sultanate of Brunei is also Trade Centre and China. This early Empire had conquered headquartered in Sumatra since the beginning of the 9th century AD control in northern Borneo and Philippines Srivijaya empire. The country will never be conquered (vazal) Majapahit kingdom concentrated in the island of Java. Brunei subordinates region Majapahit listed in Negarakertagama. Majapahit power, because it is not long after the death of Brunei Hayam Wuruk hotels freed and returns as an independent country and an important trade center.

In the early 15th century, under the rule of the Kingdom of Malacca Parameswara has spread its influence, then took over the trade of Brunei. These changes led to the spread of Islam in the late 15th century in Brunei businessmen. Malacca Portuguese autumn 1511, leading to the Sultan of Brunei to take over the leadership of Islam from Malacca to make Brunei Sultanate reached 15 century era kegemilangannya Hinga 17th century, while expanding its powers and the northern Philippines island of Borneo. In Sultan Bolkiah (1473-1521) rule caused the sea of the famous King Odyssey, never even once conquered Manila. The Sultanate of Brunei to expand its influence north Luzon and Sulu, as well as in the south and West Kalimantan; and ninth reign of Sultan Hassan (1605-1619), who built the palace is arranged and customs rules still eternal today.

In 1839, England • James Brooke arrived in Sarawak to become king there attacked Brunei, Sarawak make Brunei lose control. In return, he was sworn in as governor and later "princes" of Sarawak in Borneo northwest region before expanding his reign. December 19, 1846, Labuan and the surrounding handed James • Brooke. Through trading companies and governments, little by little Brunei region fell to Britain, in a British protectorate until independence in 1984 after standing in their own territory Brunei.

Meanwhile, the British North Borneo Union is expanding its control in the northeast Borneo. In 1888, Brunei became a state in the protection of the British Empire, the continuation of the sovereign state, but the country still controlled the affairs of the United Kingdom. In 1906, when another step Brunei accepted the extension of British rule, the executive power is transferred to the residents of the UK, who advised King Sudan in all cases, except those in line with local customs and religion.

In 1959, Brunei judgment declaring a new kingdom rule, except in diplomatic relations, security and defense, and these issues are the responsibility of the United Kingdom. Under the experimental establishment of a regulatory body in 1962 was forced, because of the uprising of the opposition namely Brunei People's Party who wants to unite the unitary state of Brunei, Sarawak and North Borneo North Borneo been forgotten, but with British help This rebellion was eradicated. In late 1950 and early 1960, when the kingdom of Brunei, it rejects plan (although initially expressed interest) to participate in Singapore, Sabah, and Sarawak to form Malaysia Tanah Malay, last Sultan of Brunei, when it intends to establish an independent country.

In 1967, Omar Ali Saifuddin III • already down from the throne and appointed his eldest son • Hassanal Bolkiah, the Sultan of Brunei to 29. His Majesty also very pleased to be the title for full attribution Paduka Seri Begawan Sultan kemmerdekaan and defense minister after the text. In 1970, the central government of Brunei country town, has been renamed Bandar Seri Begawan to commemorate the king. In 1986 the king died.

January 4, 1979, Brunei and Britain signed an agreement of cooperation and friendship. In January 1, 1984, Brunei Darussalam has achieved full independence.

Brunei currently has an area smaller than ever, with neighboring Sarawak west from the eastern region, as well as the northern border of the South China Sea

Politics

Kingdom of Brunei is an absolute monarchy and the government of Sudan, who served as heads of state and heads of government, while Prime Minister and Defense Minister seagai from Sudan and a number of ministers advisory committee to assist the country style. Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Lull • who won his title, since the 15th century, the same dynasty, the Heads of State and Government of Brunei. King has been suggested that some of the components and the Cabinet of Ministers, even though the king is memorable is the highest government. Media greatly benefit the kingdom, the royal family remain in the country a respectable position.

Brunei does not have a legislative committee, but in September 2000, the Sudanese Parliament held a meeting to decide who would never again be held in the Parliament since 1984, has no power other than the notification of the Sudan. Sudan's absolute rule by the result, Brunei has the most stable one in Asia politics.

Brunei rely on defense and security with the United Kingdom, where there are Gurkhas, mainly stationed in Seria a defense agreement. Compared with the wealth and the surrounding countries, a smaller number of national security. In theory, Brunei, because it happened in the early decades of the 1960s uprising was military rule. The rebellion was crushed the British army in Singapore.

Brunei relations with foreign countries, especially with the countries of ASEAN and other countries and the participation of a member of the United Nations. The Sultanate is also involved in the Spratly Islands conflict, involving almost all ASEAN countries (except Indonesia, Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar), China and Republic of China. In addition contradiction maritime border with Malaysia, especially the production of oil and gas areas. Brunei, Sarawak region requires, such as Limbang. Many small island located between Brunei and Labuan, including Kuraman Island, has been disputed Brunei and Malaysia. However, these islands are considered some of Malaysia at the international level.

economics

Small affluent economy is foreign and domestic entrepreneurship, the royal guard, a mixture of traditional virtues and villages. Crude oil and natural gas expenditure including nearly half of the gross domestic product. Substantial revenue increase overseas employment income, rather than national spending. Kingdom equip all medical services and subsidies for rice and housing. Brunei leaders hesitated, with the growing integration of the world economy will affect social integration, although Brunei including improving labor skills before the draft regulations during the draft to play a more subtle role in 2000, became the Chairman of the APEC forum, reducing unemployment, strengthening the banking and tourism, and in general, further widening the economic principles. Royal Brunei flight system, the country's aviation system, is trying to make Brunei International transport hub between Europe and Australia / New Zealand. It also has major regional destination services.

Brunei Darussalam's economic dependence on the oil and gas industry has a high income in the world, including the monetary unit is the Brunei dollar has the same value as the Singapore currency.

In addition to relying on the oil and gas sector, Brunei's government tried to improve the diversification of trade and industry source of income.

Culture

Brunei Malay culture is equal, a strong influence of Islam, but it seems to be more conservative than Malaysia and Indonesia. Sale and use of alcohol is forbidden, and outsiders and non-Muslims is justified, so that they enter the country's 12 beer and two bottles of alcohol each study. After the ban in the early 1990s, forcing all bars and nightclubs close. Smoking in the 2011 text Laimufuti menfatwakan also prohibit cigarette price increase residents can deduct the nature of cigarettes.